Apple's Automotive Invasion Continues as Honda Embraces Siri

Apple’s automotive invasion continues, with Honda’s announcement that Siri Eyes Free will come to three models this year. That follows Chevrolet’s integration of Apple’s virtual assistant last fall, a trend that will continue throughout the year as seven more automakers look to Cupertino for help.

But this is about much more than putting Apple’s virtual assistant into cars. It’s about giving automakers voice controls on the cheap and giving drivers what they really want: a seamless connection between their iPhone and their car.

“[The] iPhone has become so integral to people’s lives that they continue to use them in their vehicles,” said Vicki Poponi, assistant VP of product planning for American Honda. “Offering Honda and Acura owners Siri and its Eyes Free mode via Bluetooth is an incredible opportunity to provide next-generation connectivity and meet our customer’s ever-changing needs.”

Siri will be available to owners of the 2013 Honda Accord, all-new Acura RLX and ILX later this year through a dealer-installed software update. Although Honda isn’t providing a price or exact date, a Honda spokeswoman told Wired no additional hardware is required, which means Siri functionality could relatively easily and cheaply expand to other Honda and Acura models.

Activating Siri Eyes Free while driving is dead simple. Driver’s long-press the steering wheel-mounted voice control button to access Siri and issue commands using microphones embedded in the vehicle. Want to use the car’s built-in voice control? A short press on the same button bypasses Siri altogether — a smart implementation we expect other automakers to duplicate.

The integration allows drivers to use Siri to make calls, dictate text messages, play music or podcasts and access nearly everything else the virtual assistant has control over. And just to ensure drivers aren’t taking their eyes off the road, the iPhone’s screen won’t illuminate during the interactions, so don’t expect to see Yelp recommendations or Google search results in your peripheral vision.

For automakers like Honda, which are having a hard time keeping pace with competitors and the consumer electronics world, Siri Eyes Free integration is a voice-controlled lifeline. They can offer the features customers want without having to expend massive resources on on-board or data-connected voice recognition systems. It’s simply a matter of getting the cars’ systems to play nicely with Siri, particularly the embedded microphones, which have to clearly pick up on voice commands while eliminating extraneous background noise.

But in a twist to the natural order of in-car tech, the only vehicles to integrate Siri thus far are at the low end of the automotive spectrum. The first implementation came to the sub-$20k Chevrolet Sonic and Spark ultra-compacts. Mercedes will offer Siri on its entry-level A-Class in Europe. The Acura RLX is the brand’s new flagship, but Siri will also be available on the more pedestrian ILX (a sedan based on the Honda Civic).

“For Apple this is certainly good news as well since it represents an additional automaker that will allow Apple to have consumers interact with its ecosystem even when driving,” says Thilo Koslowski, an auto analyst for Gartner. But it poses a potential long-term problem for automakers who’ve invested heavily in creating their own infotainment ecosystems.

“By bringing in technology leaders’ offerings into the automobile they are also bringing in their subsequent ecosystems — and that could bite automakers’ own efforts to create a leading connectivity platform with applications and services,” says Koslowski. “Once Siri evolves into accessing and controlling applications on the phone, consumers might not show much interest in an automaker’s navigation offering… that’s just fine from a consumer perspective, but in the end it might turn some automakers into simple hardware manufacturers.”

For now, it’s a way for automakers to get the latest cloud-connected voice-control system in their vehicles with minimal outlay, but the long-term implications could be far more dire for automakers relying on an outside company — particularly one as massive as Apple – to provide what’s becoming a checkmark on new car buyer’s shopping lists.

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Glut of R-rated movies putting Box Office on overload

LOS ANGELES (TheWrap.com) – “Bullet to the Head,” the guns-blazing, axe-swinging action film from Sylvester Stallone, arrives Friday and is the latest violent, R-rated movie to open in January. The month itself could be rated “R” – for Repetitious.

Nine of the 11 movies released widely since the start of the year and Friday are rated “R.” Of last weekend’s top 10 films, eight carried the restricted rating, which requires youngsters under 17 to be accompanied by an adult.

Hollywood distribution executives regularly maintain that variety in the marketplace –including films with a range of ratings – is essential to doing strong overall business. January, traditionally a slow box-office month, is running roughly 10 percent ahead of last year. But last week was the first week to be down from 2012, and it’s possible the preponderance of R-rated offerings is taking a toll.

“There’s been one PG-13 release this month – ‘Mama’ – and it went right to No. 1,” Exhibitor Relations senior analyst Jeff Bock told TheWrap, “and I expect ‘Warm Bodies’ will do the same this weekend.”

“Warm Bodies,” which comes out Friday from Lionsgate, is a PG-13 teenage zombie romance based on a young adult novel. “There has to be a degree of pent-up demand from kids out there,” Bock said.

It’s violence more than sex that’s driving the R-rated trend. Two of the nine releases –”Texas Chainsaw” and “Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters” – were 3D gore fests. Three – “Parker,” “Broken City” and “Gangster Squad” – were crime dramas. Two – “The Last Stand” and Warner Bros.‘ “Bullet to the Head” – are action films, and two were comedies: “The Haunted House” and “Movie 43.”

Several R-rated films have scored at the box office this month. Best Picture Oscar nominees “Zero Dark Thirty,” “Django” and “Silver Linings Playbook” over performed. “Texas Chainsaw” and “Hansel and Gretel” both went to the head of the class with openings in the $ 20 million range.

But too many movies of the same sort can leave some demographic groups underserved, as well as limit a film’s playability. For example, there’s a good chance MGM and Paramount’s action fantasy “Hansel and Gretel” might have done better had teenagers been able to get in without bringing an adult.

“With some films,” explained distribution chief Don Harris of Paramount of “Hansel and Gretel,” “you really don’t have a choice. From the time it was conceived, this one was going to be an R-rated movie and there was no amount of editing or tweaking that was going to change that.”

Harris noted that of the top four comedies released last year, three – Universal‘s “Ted” and “This Is 40,” and Warner Bros.‘ “The Campaign” – were rated R.

“That is clearly a developing genre,” Harris said, “with a high ceiling.” Exhibit A might be “Ted,” which has taken in $ 515 million worldwide, with nearly $ 300 million coming from overseas.

The other top comedy, “Parental Guidance” from Fox, has very much benefited from its PG rating. “We were the only true family movie in the market place for weeks, and it paid off,” Fox distribution chief Chris Aronson said. “Parental Guidance” has taken in about $ 70 million since opening on Christmas Day.

The trend won’t end any time soon. After this Super Bowl weekend, both of the following week’s wide releases – the Universal comedy “Identity Thief” and the Open Road Films crime drama “Side Effects” – are rated R.

It won’t be until Valentine’s Day that things will change. On that Thursday, the PG-13 Warner Bros. drama “Beautiful Creatures,” the PG-13 Relativity romance “Safe Haven” and the Weinstein Company’s PG animated film “Escape From Planet Earth” will all hit theaters. The latter will be the first kids film to hit the marketplace since Disney re-released “Monsters Inc.” in December.

But those who like their film mayhem full-on needn’t despair. Fox’s Bruce Willis action film “A Good Day to Die Hard” opens that day, too. And it’s rated R.

Movies News Headlines – Yahoo! News

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Personal Health: Keeping Blood Pressure in Check

Since the start of the 21st century, Americans have made great progress in controlling high blood pressure, though it remains a leading cause of heart attacks, strokes, congestive heart failure and kidney disease.

Now 48 percent of the more than 76 million adults with hypertension have it under control, up from 29 percent in 2000.

But that means more than half, including many receiving treatment, have blood pressure that remains too high to be healthy. (A normal blood pressure is lower than 120 over 80.) With a plethora of drugs available to normalize blood pressure, why are so many people still at increased risk of disease, disability and premature death? Hypertension experts offer a few common, and correctable, reasons:

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Jane Brody speaks about hypertension.

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¶ About 20 percent of affected adults don’t know they have high blood pressure, perhaps because they never or rarely see a doctor who checks their pressure.

¶ Of the 80 percent who are aware of their condition, some don’t appreciate how serious it can be and fail to get treated, even when their doctors say they should.

¶ Some who have been treated develop bothersome side effects, causing them to abandon therapy or to use it haphazardly.

¶ Many others do little to change lifestyle factors, like obesity, lack of exercise and a high-salt diet, that can make hypertension harder to control.

Dr. Samuel J. Mann, a hypertension specialist and professor of clinical medicine at Weill-Cornell Medical College, adds another factor that may be the most important. Of the 71 percent of people with hypertension who are currently being treated, too many are taking the wrong drugs or the wrong dosages of the right ones.

Dr. Mann, author of “Hypertension and You: Old Drugs, New Drugs, and the Right Drugs for Your High Blood Pressure,” says that doctors should take into account the underlying causes of each patient’s blood pressure problem and the side effects that may prompt patients to abandon therapy. He has found that when treatment is tailored to the individual, nearly all cases of high blood pressure can be brought and kept under control with available drugs.

Plus, he said in an interview, it can be done with minimal, if any, side effects and at a reasonable cost.

“For most people, no new drugs need to be developed,” Dr. Mann said. “What we need, in terms of medication, is already out there. We just need to use it better.”

But many doctors who are generalists do not understand the “intricacies and nuances” of the dozens of available medications to determine which is appropriate to a certain patient.

“Prescribing the same medication to patient after patient just does not cut it,” Dr. Mann wrote in his book.

The trick to prescribing the best treatment for each patient is to first determine which of three mechanisms, or combination of mechanisms, is responsible for a patient’s hypertension, he said.

¶ Salt-sensitive hypertension, more common in older people and African-Americans, responds well to diuretics and calcium channel blockers.

¶ Hypertension driven by the kidney hormone renin responds best to ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, as well as direct renin inhibitors and beta-blockers.

¶ Neurogenic hypertension is a product of the sympathetic nervous system and is best treated with beta-blockers, alpha-blockers and drugs like clonidine.

According to Dr. Mann, neurogenic hypertension results from repressed emotions. He has found that many patients with it suffered trauma early in life or abuse. They seem calm and content on the surface but continually suppress their distress, he said.

One of Dr. Mann’s patients had had high blood pressure since her late 20s that remained well-controlled by the three drugs her family doctor prescribed. Then in her 40s, periodic checks showed it was often too high. When taking more of the prescribed medication did not result in lasting control, she sought Dr. Mann’s help.

After a thorough work-up, he said she had a textbook case of neurogenic hypertension, was taking too much medication and needed different drugs. Her condition soon became far better managed, with side effects she could easily tolerate, and she no longer feared she would die young of a heart attack or stroke.

But most patients should not have to consult a specialist. They can be well-treated by an internist or family physician who approaches the condition systematically, Dr. Mann said. Patients should be started on low doses of one or more drugs, including a diuretic; the dosage or number of drugs can be slowly increased as needed to achieve a normal pressure.

Specialists, he said, are most useful for treating the 10 percent to 15 percent of patients with so-called resistant hypertension that remains uncontrolled despite treatment with three drugs, including a diuretic, and for those whose treatment is effective but causing distressing side effects.

Hypertension sometimes fails to respond to routine care, he noted, because it results from an underlying medical problem that needs to be addressed.

“Some patients are on a lot of blood pressure drugs — four or five — who probably don’t need so many, and if they do, the question is why,” Dr. Mann said.

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How to Measure Your Blood Pressure

Mistaken readings, which can occur in doctors’ offices as well as at home, can result in misdiagnosis of hypertension and improper treatment. Dr. Samuel J. Mann, of Weill Cornell Medical College, suggests these guidelines to reduce the risk of errors:

¶ Use an automatic monitor rather than a manual one, and check the accuracy of your home monitor at the doctor’s office.

¶ Use a monitor with an arm cuff, not a wrist or finger cuff, and use a large cuff if you have a large arm.

¶ Sit quietly for a few minutes, without talking, after putting on the cuff and before checking your pressure.

¶ Check your pressure in one arm only, and take three readings (not more) one or two minutes apart.

¶ Measure your blood pressure no more than twice a week unless you have severe hypertension or are changing medications.

¶ Check your pressure at random, ordinary times of the day, not just when you think it is high.

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STMicroelectronics May Pay $500 Million to Exit Venture

PARIS — STMicroelectronics, the biggest European chip maker, may have to spend up to $500 million this year to wind down the mobile chip-making joint venture with Ericsson that has been a ball-and-chain on its results, the company’s chief executive said Thursday.

“We’re committed to going fast,” Carlo Bozotti, the chief executive, said during a briefing in Paris. “It’s important for us to move on, to become a leaner company.”

Mr. Bozotti also said he had seen “encouraging signs” that the semiconductor market was improving this year after a rocky 2012, but “we’ll have to see if that’s sustainable.”

Shares of STMicroelectronics closed up 3.5 percent in Paris trading. Analysts said positive outlooks issued by STMicroelectronics and the company’s German rival, Infineon Technologies, helped lift the stock price.

STMicroelectronics, an Italian-French company with its headquarters in Geneva, and the Swedish mobile networking giant Ericsson bet big on chips to power smartphones. But their joint venture, ST-Ericsson, foundered as big customers like Nokia and BlackBerry were smashed by competition from Apple and Samsung, which rely heavily on chips made by Qualcomm. The venture has lost about $2.8 billion since 2009.

Negotiations to sell or close down the company, which employs more than 5,000 people, will be a delicate matter. Complicating any deal, at a time of economic stagnation and fears for the future of European industry, is the fact that the French and Italian governments own a combined 27.5 percent stake in STMicroelectronics. At any rate, a near-term closure of the company is thought to be unlikely, as ST-Ericsson has long-term supplier contracts it has promised to fulfill.

Mr. Bozotti said STMicroelectronics expected to dispose of its ST-Ericsson stake “during the third quarter of 2013,” though he gave no indication of how the company planned to do so. The cost would probably be in the range of $300 million to $500 million, he said, “including around $100 million in the first quarter.”

STMicroelectronics is one of the biggest high-technology enterprises in Europe and an industry leader in areas with strong growth prospects, like sensors and microcontrollers. Its chip-making and research and development facilities around Grenoble are at the heart of the innovation cluster that serves as France’s answer to Silicon Valley.

Mr. Bozotti spoke after STMicroelectronics announced late Wednesday a $544 million write-down of good will and other intangible assets on its share of ST-Ericsson, a charge that reduced the accounting value of the 50-50 joint venture to “a negligible amount” on its books. The charge led the company’s fourth-quarter net loss to balloon to $428 million from an $11 million loss a year earlier.

STMicroelectronics said its full-year 2012 revenue slid nearly 13 percent, to $8.5 billion, largely because sales to Nokia fell. Just four years ago, the Finnish cellphone maker accounted for about a fifth of all its sales; STMicroelectronics did not disclose the current level but acknowledged that it was far lower.

The bottom line was “horrible,” Thomas Becker, an electronics sector analyst at Commerzbank, said of the results, “but the underlying numbers were not that bad.”

He said that shares of STMicroelectronics and Infineon — which forecast a rise in second-quarter sales and operating profit on Thursday — got a lift “because some investors may be hoping to get in on the upswing in the semiconductor cycle.”

The company is refocusing its business, Mr. Bozotti said, and expects growth in 2013 to be driven primarily by sales of devices in its imaging, analog and microsensor, and microcontroller businesses. He said STMicroelectronics would cut its quarterly costs to $600 million to $650 million by 2014, from around $900 million currently.

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Retired barber charged in fatal shooting of Newport Beach doctor

By Nicole Santa Cruz

January 30, 2013, 10:43 a.m.

Prosecutors have filed charges against a 75-year-old man who is accused of murdering his urologist during an appointment in Newport Beach.

Stanwood Fred Elkus of Lake Elsinore has been charged with one felony count of special circumstances murder by lying in wait and a sentencing enhancement for the personal use of a firearm causing death, according to the Orange County district attorney’s office.

Prosecutors say Elkus, a retired barber, arrived for an appointment at his doctor’s office Monday afternoon and waited in an exam room until Ronald Gilbert entered.

Elkus is accused of shooting Gilbert several times in the upper body, according to prosecutors and police.

Other doctors heard the shots and attempted to revive Gilbert, prosecutors said. Elkus gave his gun to a staff member in the office and was arrested without incident, they said.

Elkus, who is being held at the Orange County jail on no bail, was expected in court Wednesday.

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Skip the Lists for a More Accessible Web

Somewhere far in the web’s primordial past it was decided that the best way to mark up a menu in HTML was to use the unordered list element: <ul>. The vast majority of tutorials – if not all – you’ll ever see for creating navigation menus use the familiar list element structure, nesting links inside <li> tags. Menu plugins for WordPress and other popular publishing systems use lists for menus as well. Even the HTML5 spec uses an unordered list in its <nav> element examples.

There is, as CSS-Tricks’ Chris Coyier writes, “no debate” about how menus should be marked up. But HTML5 adds the <nav> element and there’s also a navigation role in WAI-ARIA so should we still be using lists to mark up menus?

Coyier says no. He’s dropped lists from his <nav> elements and instead uses just links and span tags. Coyier cites a talk by Reinhard Stebner, who is blind, and suggests that with most screen readers the far better solution for menus is to use divs and spans for menus.

Be sure to read through Coyier’s post for some more data on why ditching the list might be a good idea and check out Jim Doran’s write up on Stebner’s original talk, which makes a distinction between accessible and usable. That is, a technically “accessible” site might still be a usability nightmare for some users.

However, as Mozilla’s Chris Heilmann points out in the comments of Coyier’s post, the problems lists cause in some screen readers are really a result of the sorry state of screen readers. “Screen readers are damn slow to update and vary immensely between different versions… I gave up a long time ago calling something accessible or not when it works in Jaws.”

Lists for menus have advantages over the div and span route, like some extra elements for styling and the fact that they render as, well, lists even in the absence of CSS.

What do you think? Are lists for menus a legacy workaround we no longer need in the day and age of <nav> and role="navigation"? Or do they still offer enough advantages to keep using for menus?

For his part Coyier says he’s going to keep building list-free menus. “Until I see some solid research that suggests that’s dumb, I’m sticking to it,” he writes. “As always, the best would be to get more information from real screen reader users like Reinhard.”

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Musical comedy “The Sapphires” sparkles at Aussie Oscars

SYDNEY (Reuters) – Home-grown romantic musical comedy “The Sapphires” shone at Australia‘s film industry awards on Wednesday, picking up best film and lead acting trophies for Deborah Mailman and “Bridesmaids” star Chris O’Dowd.

Awards host Russell Crowe, an Oscar winner for “Gladiator,” led a star-studded evening whose theme was pride in Australia’s outsized success on the international film stage.

“The Australian academy may be small but over the years we have won more than 60 BAFTAs and Oscars,” said Crowe at the second annual Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts awards, affectionately known as the “Aussie Oscars.”

Cate Blanchett, Nicole Kidman and Jeffrey Rush were all on hand for the event at Sydney’s Star casino, leading guest presenter Jeremy Renner to joke: “You can’t throw a bottle out the window in Hollywood without hitting an Australian.”

The Sapphires, a possibility for next year’s Oscars, tells the story of four women from a remote Aboriginal mission who are catapulted on to the world stage as Australia’s answer to the Supremes when a kind-hearted manager, played by O’Dowd, hears their powerful voices and sends them to entertain troops in Vietnam.

“Films find their way because of a certain strength,” Kidman told Reuters. “The Sapphires is such a unique story and it’s great music and great talent.”

Director Wayne Blair’s debut film also won for direction, cinematography, editing, best production design, costume design and sound.

Best Young Actor went to Saskia Rosendahl for her role in the Australian-German film “Lore”, about a teenage girl who leads her younger siblings across Germany at the end of World War Two. Rosendahl was just 17 when the film was made.

The awards weren’t without controversy after the director of “Bait”, the 3D shark-in-a-supermarket horror-comedy that was Australia’s highest grossing film internationally last year, accused the academy of snubbing his movie.

While The Sapphires was Australia’s top-grossing film domestically, with more than A$ 14 million ($ 14.63 million) in ticket sales, Bait snagged more than $ 41.8 million worldwide, more than half of that in China.

“It was never going to get best film or best director, but how can the cinematography, the visual effects, the editing, the sound design, the production design – we built a supermarket and put it underwater, for goodness’ sake – be overlooked?” said Kimble Rendall to the Sydney Morning Herald.

Prior to last year, the awards were known as the Australian Film Industry (AFI) awards.

($ 1 = 0.9566 Australian dollars)

(Reporting By Jane Wardell, editing by Elaine Lies)

TV News Headlines – Yahoo! News

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The Consumer: The Drug-Dose Gender Gap

Most sleeping pills are designed to knock you out for eight hours. When the Food and Drug Administration was evaluating a new short-acting pill for people to take when they wake up in the middle of the night, agency scientists wanted to know how much of the drug would still be in users’ systems come morning.

Blood tests uncovered a gender gap: Men metabolized the drug, Intermezzo, faster than women. Ultimately the F.D.A. approved a 3.5 milligram pill for men, and a 1.75 milligram pill for women.

The active ingredient in Intermezzo, zolpidem, is used in many other sleeping aids, including Ambien. But it wasn’t until earlier this month that the F.D.A. reduced doses of Ambien for women by half.

Sleeping pills are hardly the only medications that may have unexpected, even dangerous, effects in women. Studies have shown that women respond differently than men to many drugs, from aspirin to anesthesia. Researchers are only beginning to understand the scope of the issue, but many believe that as a result, women experience a disproportionate share of adverse, often more severe, side effects.

“This is not just about Ambien — that’s just the tip of the iceberg,” said Dr. Janine Clayton, director for the Office of Research on Women’s Health at the National Institutes of Health. “There are a lot of sex differences for a lot of drugs, some of which are well known and some that are not well recognized.”

Until 1993, women of childbearing age were routinely excluded from trials of new drugs. When the F.D.A. lifted the ban that year, agency researchers noted that because landmark studies on aspirin in heart disease and stroke had not included women, the scientific community was left “with doubts about whether aspirin was, in fact, effective in women for these indications.”

Because so many drugs were tested mostly or exclusively in men, scientists may know little of their effects on women until they reach the market. A Government Accountability Office study found that 8 of 10 drugs removed from the market from 1997 through 2000 posed greater health risks to women.

For example, Seldane, an antihistamine, and the gastrointestinal drug Propulsid both triggered a potentially fatal heart arrhythmia more often in women than in men. Many drugs still on the market cause this arrhythmia more often in women, including antibiotics, antipsychotics, anti-malarial drugs and cholesterol-lowering drugs, Dr. Clayton said. Women also tend to use more medications than men.

The sex differences cut both ways. Some drugs, like the high blood pressure drug Verapamil and the antibiotic erythromycin, appear to be more effective in women. On the other hand, women tend to wake up from anesthesia faster than men and are more likely to experience side effects from anesthetic drugs, according to the Society for Women’s Health Research.

Women also react differently to alcohol, tobacco and cocaine, studies have found.

It’s not just because women tend to be smaller than men. Women metabolize drugs differently because they have a higher percentage of body fat and experience hormonal fluctuations and the monthly menstrual cycle. “Some drugs are more water-based and like to hang out in the blood, and some like to hang out in the fat tissue,” said Wesley Lindsey, assistant professor of pharmacy practice at Auburn University, who is a co-author of a paper on sex-based differences in drug activity.

“If the drug is lipophilic” — attracted to fat cells — “it will move into those tissues and hang around for longer,” Dr. Lindsey added. “The body won’t clear it as quickly, and you’ll see effects longer.”

There are also sex differences in liver metabolism, kidney function and certain gastric enzymes. Oral contraceptives, menopause and post-menopausal hormone treatment further complicate the picture. Some studies suggest, for example, that when estrogen levels are low, women may need higher doses of drugs called angiotensin receptor blockers to lower blood pressure, because they have higher levels of proteins that cause the blood vessels to constrict, said Kathryn Sandberg, director of the Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease at Georgetown.

Many researchers say data on these sex differences must be gathered at the very beginning of a drug’s development — even before trials on human subjects begin.

“The path to a new drug starts with the basic science — you study an animal model of the disease, and that’s where you discover a drug target,” Dr. Sandberg said. “But 90 percent of researchers are still studying male animal models of the disease.”

There have been improvements. In an interview, Dr. Robert Temple, with the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research at the F.D.A., said the agency’s new guidelines in 1993 called for studies of sex differences at the earliest stages of drug development, as well as for analysis of clinical trial data by sex.

He said early research on an irritable bowel syndrome drug, alosetron (Lotronex), suggested it would not be effective in men. As a result, only women were included in clinical trials, and it was approved only for women. (Its use is restricted now because of serious side effects.)

But some scientists say drug metabolism studies with only 10 or 15 subjects are too small to pick up sex differences. Even though more women participate in clinical trials than in the past, they are still underrepresented in trials for heart and kidney disease, according to one recent analysis, and even in cancer trials.

“The big problem is we’re not quite sure how much difference this makes,” Dr. Lindsey said. “We just don’t have a good handle on it.”

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Readers may submit comments or questions for The Consumer by e-mail to consumer@nytimes.com.

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Shell Wins 3 Pollution Suits Filed by Nigerians

In a legal dispute that had been closely watched by multinational companies and environmental organizations, a Dutch court Wednesday dismissed most of the claims brought by Nigerian farmers seeking to hold Royal Dutch Shell accountable for damage by oil spilled from its pipelines.

The decision, by the District Court of the Hague, was unusual in that it was brought in a Dutch jurisdiction against a Dutch company for activities overseas by a foreign subsidiary.

Shell, which has its headquarters in the Hague and its registered offices in London, acclaimed the decision as a vindication.

The company had argued that the oil spills were not its fault, but the result of criminal tampering.

“This ruling will enable more people to understand what is happening on the ground in Nigeria,” Jonathan French, a Shell spokesman, said. “We have this rampant problem of criminal activities: oil theft, sabotage, and illegal refining. That is the real tragedy of the Niger Delta.”

The company, which obtains 12 percent of its oil and gas from Nigeria, has long been dogged by accusations that its activities there cause serious environmental problems and human rights abuses.

In 2009 it agreed to pay $15.5 million to end a lawsuit brought under the U.S. Alien Tort Claims Act arising from the 1995 execution of the author Ken Saro-Wiwa, a critic of the company and the Nigerian government’s actions in the Niger Delta.

That U.S. law has been interpreted as having broad jurisdiction, even over foreign multinationals.

Shell denied that it bore any responsibility for Mr. Saro-Wiwa’s death, but said it wanted to end the litigation and move on.

In the case decided Wednesday, which was filed in 2008, four Nigerian farmers and fishermen, working with the environmentalist group Friends of the Earth, claimed that their livelihoods had been ruined by oil that spilled from Shell pipelines in their villages.

While the pollution damage itself was not in dispute, Shell argued that the spills had been caused by so-called bunkering — oil theft from the pipelines — as well as outright sabotage.

The court agreed with Shell in most of those spills, around the villages of Goi and Oruma.

But it held that in one spill, near the village of Ikot Ada Udo, the local subsidiary, Shell Petroleum Development Co. of Nigeria, was liable for damages — as yet unspecified — to one farmer.

In that case, the court said, “sabotage was committed in a very simple way in 2006 and 2007 by opening the overground valves with a monkey wrench,” something that “Shell Nigeria could and should have prevented.”

“I am not surprised at the decision because there was divine intervention in the court,” Reuters quoted the farmer, Friday Akpan, as saying. “The spill damaged 47 fishing ponds, killed all the fish and rendered the ponds useless.”

Joel Trachtman, a professor of international law at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in Medford, Massachusetts, said that, in theory, the court’s finding in favor of Mr. Akpan meant that “multinational companies could find their foreign subsidiaries held to a higher standard, higher even than locally owned companies.”

That, he said, “conceivably could deter foreign investment in Nigeria.”

But Mr. Trachtman noted that the court also rejected any liability for the parent company. That limited the implications of the ruling. Mr. Trachtman said that facet of the decision was in keeping with global legal principles. “Usually courts around the world accept the separate existence of a subsidiary corporation,” he said. “They don’t pierce the veil to hold the parent responsible.”

Evert Hassink, a spokesman for the Dutch chapter of Friends of the Earth, described the court ruling as “mixed.” The court’s refusal to assign any responsibility to the parent company was disappointing, he said. But “we’ve succeeded in establishing the principle of going to court in the Netherlands or Europe because of what happened in another country,” he said.

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Egyptian general warns against continued unrest

CAIRO — Egypt’s top military commander warned President Mohamed Morsi and opposition parties Tuesday to end days of bloodshed and unrest before the nation slides into chaos that may jeopardize the economy and “lead to the collapse of the state.”

The ominous statement from Gen. Abdel Fattah Sisi signaled that the military, which ruled Egypt for months before Morsi was elected in June, wanted to quickly stem an uprising against the Islamist-led government. At least 52 people have died in riots since Friday.

“The continuing conflict between political forces and their differences concerning the management of the country could lead to a collapse of the state and threaten future generations,” Sisi said on the army’s Facebook page. He added that political turmoil and attacks on state targets were a “real threat to the security of Egypt.”

Despite its much criticized rule, marked by political repression and human rights violations, the military is largely revered. It is regarded by many Egyptians as the single stabilizing force across a spectrum of failed institutions and Morsi’s authoritarian moves to consolidate the Muslim Brotherhood’s grip on power.

It did not appear the army was preparing to seize control of the country. The generals’ tenure running the government after the February 2011 toppling of Hosni Mubarak left them bitter and tainted the military’s reputation, especially after crackdowns on demonstrators. The army prefers playing behind-the-scenes power broker.

The statement, though, suggested the military was losing patience with protesters and questioning Morsi’s ability to contain the crisis. The army has been loyal to the president; Morsi supported a new constitution that gives the generals wide autonomy. But the Islamist president has been unable to sway protesters or the opposition away from conflict.

The military did not clarify how it “might interfere in coming days,” said Talaat Mosallam, a retired major general and security analyst. “Their experience before in politics was not a comfortable one. But their feeling that the political powers might be losing control compelled them to issue a statement.”

Troops have been deployed and given emergency arrest powers to guard public buildings and shipping docks in the vital coastal cities of Suez, Port Said and Ismailia. Ports in those towns serve the Suez Canal, whose stability is a potent economic symbol for foreign capitals and investors.

Violence and protests eased a bit on Tuesday. However, clashes between rock-throwing youths and police rumbled at the edges of Tahrir Square in Cairo. Unrest continued in Suez and Port Said, where protesters defied curfews and the government had lost control amid burned police stations and well-armed residents.

The main opposition coalition, the National Salvation Front, has rejected Morsi’s call for political talks. The organization, headed by reformers, including Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mohamed ElBaradei, has accused the president and the Muslim Brotherhood of hijacking the revolution that overthrew Mubarak.

But the opposition’s influence on the streets is questionable. Many protesters criticize it as disorganized, divided and unable to articulate a galvanizing message. The opposition epitomizes a major shortcoming of the revolution: the absence of a charismatic figure capable of bridging political differences and fixing the economy.

The military’s statement highlighted the failure of the Interior Ministry, which controls the nation’s police forces, to keep order. The ministry backed Mubarak’s 30 years of repressive rule and lacks the reforms to gain the confidence of Egyptians. It is mistrusted by the Muslim Brotherhood, whose members for decades were persecuted and tortured by police.

The unrest has been further complicated by disparate interests converging around a protest movement. Peaceful demonstrations have often been overshadowed by young men and boys hurling stones and firebombs at police. Soccer fans, known as Ultras, have acted as shock troops. Looters and gunmen roam cities.

More recently an anarchist group calling itself the Black Bloc has battled security forces along barricades leading to the parliament. The country’s general prosecutor Tuesday called it a terrorist organization after the ransacking of the lobby in the Intercontinental Hotel near Tahrir Square. The Black Bloc denied it was involved.

Frightened hotel workers sent out tweets, including one that read: “SOS If anyone knows anyone in #Military #Police #Government, please send help! Thugs in Lobby.”

Hesham Abdel-Wahab, a hotel security guard, told the Ahram Online news website: “We called the police and requested they send forces. But when I spoke to the police, they just continued to ask me for my name. They were very hesitant. I kept saying to them that my name doesn't matter, we were under attack.”

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Special correspondent Reem Abdellatif contributed to this report.

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